Amba Alagia - 1941
In terms of form, subject matter and rhetoric the Amba Alagia most closely resembles a short epic poem. The author himself calls it a carmen conviviale (on which see Sacré 2019: 14). It consists of 611 hexameter verses, divided by the author into five numbered sections. Amba Alagia deals with three military engagements which took place on or around the same Ethiopian mountain, the Amba Alagi. The first battle, in the year 1895, saw the annihilation of an entire regiment under Major Pietro Toselli (1878 - 1895) by Ethiopian forces. The second engagement at the Amba Alagi took place in 1935, when Italian troops occupied Ethiopia, and the third in 1941, when the Duca d’Aosta’s (1898 – 1942) troops were forced to surrender to the British army. Amba Alagia was published in the final months of 1941, under the impression of this final defeat, as Martinelli (1941).
The poem’s first section describes the annihilation of Toselli’s regiment in 1895. The second part is set in 1935-6: the Italians conquer Ethiopia, including the Amba Alagi, and are welcomed with open arms by the inhabitants. Part three depicts and justifies Italian colonialist activities in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian population is characterised as inherently lazy and undisciplined, and in need of guidance from Italian colonists. Agriculture flourishes, health improves, and the Ethiopians are converted to the Catholic faith. In part four, allied forces under British leadership invade Ethiopia. A catalogue of the enemy troops culminates in an antisemitic tirade. The Allies besiege the Italians on the Amba Alagi. The fifth and final section describes the Italians’ surrender and predicts Italian victories elsewhere in the world. The poem unhesitatingly glorifies Italy’s wars of aggression in Ethiopia, enthusiastically defends colonialist principles, and contains racist and anti-semitic hate speech.
Amba Alagia is marked by close
intertextual engagement with Vergil’s Georgics
and Aeneid (Reitz-Joosse in prep.). For
example, Martinelli’s descriptions of the two sieges of the Amba Alagi (in parts
I and IV) invoke the Greeks’ treacherous attack on Troy in Aeneid 2. In
part III, the construction of new buildings by Italian colonists (esp. 224-8) refers
to the description of rising Carthage in Aeneid 1, and the settlers’
agricultural successes are described in terms reminiscent of the Georgics (e.g.
laetae segetes, 217).
Amba Alagia also relies heavily on intratextual links, i.e. repetitions and allusions between the different sections of the poem. This close-knit intratextual network reflects, linguistically, the subject matter of the poem: the memory of three battles, superimposed on one another on the same battlefield (Reitz-Joosse).
Bibliography
Latin Poetry (selection)
Martinelli, Nello. 1921. Gradus
ad Parnassum. Pisa: Tip. Folchetto.
———. 1931. ‘In memoriam’. Il
mundo classico 2: 66–73.
———.
1941. Amba Alagia. Vallerini: Pisa & Roma.
———.
1947. ‘Avus et infans’. Il mundo
classico 14:
167–78.
———. 1949. ‘Epicedion’. Il
mundo classico 16: 103–12.
———. 1950. Valentinianus II.
Carmen Nelli Martinelli Romani in certamine poetico Hoeufftiano praemio aureo
ornatum. Amsterdam: Academia Regia disciplinarum Nederlandica.
———. 1951. Drusus III. Carmen
Nelli Martinelli in certamine poetico Hoeufftiano magna laude ornatum.
Amsterdam: Academia Regia disciplinarum Nederlandica.
———. 1953. Carmen et error. Carmen Nelli Martinelli in certamine poetico Hoeufftiano magna laude ornatum. Amsterdam: Academia Regia disciplinarum Nederlandica.
Scholarly works (selection)
Martinelli, Nello. 1919. Lucretius
in Thucydidea pestis descriptione imitanda quatenus suus esse videatur. Pisa: in aedibus fratrum
Nistri.
———.
1932. L’ode d’Archita. Pavia: Tip. f.lli Fusi.
———.
1935. ‘Riflessi della poesia di Longfellow nei carmi latini di G. Pascoli’. In Atti del III Congresso
Nazionale di Studi Romani, edited by Carlo Galassi Paluzzi, 309–24.
Bolognia: Licinio Capelli.
———. 1963. La rappresentazione dello stile di Crasso e di Antonio nel De Oratore. Rome: Centro di Studi Ciceroniani.
Secondary literature
Giustiniani, Vito R. 1979. Neulateinische Dichtung in Italien 1850-1950: ein unerforschtes Kapitel italienischer Literatur- und Geistesgeschichte. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
IJsewijn-Jacobs, J. 1961. Latijnse Poëzie van de Twintigste Eeuw. Lier: De Bladen Voor de Poezie.
Reitz-Joosse, B.L. (in prep.), ‘Vergil in Ethiopia: Nello Martinelli’s Amba Alagia’.
Sacré,
Dirk. 2019a. ‘De verbanning van Ovidius uitgeklaard. Nello Martinelli’s
(1889-1976) gedicht Carmen et Error’. Kleio-Online.
———.
2019b. ‘Obitus Nasonis. De dood
van Ovidius in een Latijn gedicht (1958) van Nello Martinelli’, no. 48: 34–50.
Bettina Reitz-Joosse