Natalis urbis - 1926
In
1923, the Fascist regime declared the Birthday of Rome (Natale di Roma),
traditionally celebrated on 21 April, an official national holiday and suppressed
the Workers’ Day on 1 May. The Natale di Roma represented Mussolini’s first
attempt to actively introduce the myth of Rome into the culture and rituals of
Fascist Italy (Gentile 2007: 48-50). A few years later, in 1926, Vincenzo
Pellecchia composed Natalis Urbis, a Latin poem in dactylic hexameters
(703 in total) in which he discussed
the historical, religious, and political significance of the new holiday
instituted by the regime. Natalis Urbis was published as a booklet
(Pellecchia 1926). The copy used for FLT contains a personal dedication
to the Governor of Rome, Senator Filippo Cremonesi (1872-1942).
Natalis Urbis contains a dense network of references to Roman history, mythology, and religion (both pagan and Christian), as well as to Latin texts of different historical periods. The allusions and references range from Vergil, Livy, and Ovid to Macrobius, the Church Fathers, and the Hymnus in Romam which Giovanni Pascoli (1855-1912) wrote to celebrate the fifty-year anniversary of Italy’s unification (1911). Natalis Urbis is discussed indetail in Nicolò Bettegazzi’s ongoing PhD thesis: Ideologies of Latin in Fascist Italy (1922-1943): the Language of Rome between Fascism and Catholicism.
Natalis
Urbis can be divided into three parts, which roughly correspond to the three
historical phases into which Italians had been dividing Rome’s history since the
Risorgimento (within the framework of the myth of the “Third Rome”):
ancient, Christian, and modern. Taken together, the three sections of the poem
provide a view of Roman history in which the foundation of Rome and the Roman
empire (“First Rome”), the birth of Christianity and the Catholic Church
(“Second Rome”), and the advent of Fascism (“Third Rome”) are combined into a
teleological narrative. Among the themes which bind ancient, Christian, and
Fascist Rome together, the notion of sacrifice is central: it is embodied by
Remus (ancient Rome), Jesus and the Christian martyrs (Christian Rome), and the
soldiers fallen in the First World War (contemporary Rome). Although Natalis
Urbis predates the Lateran Pacts (1929) by several years, the poem
discusses themes and ideas that firmly established themselves in Italian
culture in the wake of the agreements between Catholic Church and Italian State.
These include the relationship between ancient, Christian, and Fascist Rome, the
universal/imperial mission of Rome and the Italian nation, and the notion of Mussolini
as a providential figure (vv. 46-48).
The sections
of the poem do not exactly correspond to the three historical layers. While
ancient and Christian Rome follow each other chronologically (see below), the
“modern” layer of Fascist Italy occupies both the beginning and end of the poem
(vv. 1-67, 691-709). In the opening lines, Pellecchia praises Mussolini and the
Fascist regime for the revival of the values and traditions of ancient Rome (vv.
3-8) and Catholicism (vv. 9-14). According to the author, the significance of
the Fascist Natale di Roma lies precisely in the twofold revival (political
and religious) taking place in Italy under Mussolini. In the final lines, once
the narrative on Rome’s ancient history is complete, the author returns to
present-day Italy and argues that the coalition between the Italian royal dynasty
(the Savoy), the Fascist regime, and the Roman Catholic Church is crucial for
preserving Italy’s traditions and Rome’s historical mission as beacon of civilization.
The second part is the central
and longest section of Natalis Urbis (vv. 68-595). It deals with a
series of legendary and historical events of ancient Rome’s history. The author
first recalls the city’s humble origins (vv. 68-156), mentioning figures and
places which are reminiscent of the walk of Aeneas and Evander around the site of
the future city of Rome (Aeneid 8. 306-369). Pellecchia then focuses on the
moment of Rome’s foundation. After a quick mention of Aeneas’ landing in Italy (vv.
157-161), he retells the legend of Romulus and Remus (vv. 162-245), following the
myth of Rome’s foundation as elaborated by Ovid in his Fasti (4.721-862).
The following section is devoted to the pagan gods and religious traditions of
ancient Rome (vv. 246-489). Finally, the author recalls Rome’s expansion into a
world-empire (vv. 490-595). The whole second section of Natalis Urbis is
structured around three names that Rome was thought to have had in antiquity: Amor
in the mysteries (in sacris), Flora in heaven (in caelo),
and Roma on earth (in terra) (vv. 53-60) (see Tommasi 2014). By
following this learned tradition, Pellecchia aims to describe each of the three
crucial elements which form the backbone of Rome’s mission and civilization:
love of the fatherland (amor patriae, v. 56), fertility (v. 58; probably
in connection to Venus, progenitor of Romulus), and (military) strength (vis,
v. 60; from ῥώμη, the Greek word for “strength”).
The
third section of Natalis Urbis focuses on Christian Rome (vv. 596-690).
It includes, more specifically, the life of Jesus and of the apostles Peter and
Paul (vv. 596-630), the Christian martyrdoms under Nero and the first Christian
communities (vv. 631-662), the military victory of Constantine against
Maxentius in 312 (vv. 665-674), and finally the transition from the Rome of the
Caesars to the Rome of the Popes (vv. 675-690). For this section, Pellecchia
relies on excerpts from the Latin New Testament (the Vulgate, e.g., Gospel
of Matthew 16:18) and on several Christian Latin authors, such as
Tertullian (ca. 155-240) and Eusebius of Caesarea (ca. 260-340).
Bibliography
Latin
texts
Pellecchia, Vincenzo. 1926. Natalis
urbis : anno 8. ab italica victoria ad Plavim, 4. ab cohortum cum fascibus
itinere in urbem / Vincentii Pellecchia. Salerno: Typis Vincentii Siano.
Secondary
sources
Gentile,
Emilio. 2007. Fascismo di pietra. Roma-Bari: Editori Laterza.
Tommasi,
Chiara O. 2014. ‘Il nome segreto di Roma tra antiquaria ed esoterismo. Una
riconsiderazione delle fonti’. Studi classici e orientali 60: 187–219.
Niccolò Bettegazzi
VINCENTII PELLECCHIA
NATALIS URBIS
Anno VIII ab Italica victoria ad plavim
.. .. IV ab cohortum cum fascibus itinere in Urbem
Victorio Emanuele III Invicto Benito Mussolini Io Ministro,
et Serenissimo Italorum Rege Summoque fatorum Italiae Duce
Regnante Gubernante.
“Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento !,,
(Verg. Aen. VI. 852.)
SALERNI
Typis Vincentii Siano
MCMXXVI
Original Footnotes
-
1) Apud Photium et Salinum legimus urbem Romam antiquitus habuisse tria arcana nomina: in sacris appellabatur “Amor”, in coelo “Flora” et in terra “Roma”, id est vis, hinc latinum antiquum nomen “Valentia”.
-
2) Ovidius in Fastis dicit nomen Latium derivasse ex verbo latere. Saturnus enim pulsus ab Iove latuit in Latio, quod cepit primum nomen ab illo “Saturniam”.
“Inde diu genti mansit Saturnia nomen,Dicta quoque est Latium terra latente deo.” -
3) Idem Ovidius facit in Paliliis pastores Latinos transilientes flammas ter in ordine positas una cum grege lustrante.
-
4) Evander dicitur occidisse Pallantem patrem; quo facto Arcadia commota coactus est, monitu matris, cum filio patria discedere.
-
5) Ara quae dicebatur Maxima in foro Boario posita ad Herculis memoriam.
-
6) In Carmentalibus mos erat matronas ad honorem vehi carpentis. Inditum est quoque nomen Carmentalis portae urbis, quae deinde ob caedem Fabiorum dicta est Scelerata.
-
7) Memoriae proditum est veteres Latinos incendisse sua prima magalia, ut novas aedificarent domos in urbe condenda.
-
8) Iaciebantur fruges in fossa moenium, quae deinde replebatur terra vicina, ut augurium copiae rei frumentariae et hospitii faciendi cum populis finitimis.
-
9) Refert Ovidius in Fastis Celerem famulum custodientem moenia occidisse Remum, quare a Romulo vocati sunt celeres quidam milites regis custodes.
-
10) Vergilius ore fatidico inducit Troianos [Editors' note: originally Trianos, manually changed by anonymous reader to Troianos.] struentes Pallantis feretrum virgis arbuteis; arbutus enim baccarum et frontium colore bene fingit vexillum tricolorem Italicum, quo involvuntur corpora militum bello caesorum.
-
11) In antiquissimis monetis altera parte erat sculpta effigies Iani et altera navis, qua appulit Saturnus ad Tiberim.
-
12) Flamen faciens libamina Iano, vocabat eum Patulcium (a patendo) et Clusium (a claudendo), quia patebat et claudebat ianuas templi tempore pacis bellique.
-
13) Tribus diebus ante nonas Ianuarias celebrabantur Agonalia ad honorem Iani et Ovidius putat verbum Agonale repetendum aut ex verbo “Agone?” quo rogabat minister populum priusquam feriret victimam; aut a graeca voce “agoniao” (metu affligor), quod pecus timore affecta non sponte veniebat ad aram, sed agebatur vi; aut a quibusdam ludis graecis, qui dicebantur “agona” (certamina); aut a pecude, quae veteri lingua Latinorum vocabatur agonia; haec ultima causa, iudicio poetae dicitur vera.
-
14) Arcades ad nobilitatem generis dicebantur esse nati ante lunam; itaque graeca lingua vocabantur “prosélenoi” (antelunares).
-
15) Februa, dicit Varro esse vocem antiquae linguae Sabinorum, quae significat “piamina”, quibus sacerdotes Luperci nudi errantes faciebant in Lupercalibus purgamina, percutientes flagellis caprina pelle resecta quidquid iis occurrebat, et sic lustrabant homines, domos et omnia loca, et expiabant quoque culpas defunctorum, qui credebantur errare per aera centum annos sine his purgationibus – Haec purgamina Romani, ut testatur Ovidius, faciebant graeco more in quibusdam diebus, qui dicebantur ferales (Fast. lib. II.)
-
16) Lara, nais, soror Iuturnae celebrabatur a Romanis ut dea Silentii, aut Tacita. Fabula narrat Mercurium fecisse gravem et illam peperisse Lares gemellos, qui custodiebant atria domorum. Ovidius putat esse illi antiquum nomen Lalam a graeca voce “lalein” (loqui). . . . . . . . prima sed illiDicta bis antiquum syllaba nomen erat. (Fast. lib. II.)
-
17) Florealibus incipientibus celebrabatur dies, quo focus Vestae translatus [Editors' note: originally traslatus, corrected by FLT-editors.] erat domum Augusti, qui cum esset Pontifex Maximus, decreto Senatus, pro suo commodo et tutela, obtinuit aram Vestae apud regiam.
-
18) Vulnus acceptum a cuspide Diomedis, dum conatur servare Aeneam filium in proelio (Hom. lib. V.)
-
19) Lapsa pudicitia maiorum et solutis moribus anno 639 ab. u. c. Romani consuluerunt libros Sibyllinos, qui monuerunt opus esse aedificare templum Veneri Verticordiae, quae verteret corda civium.
-
20) Curio Maximus, indicebat populo haec festa per tabulas in foro pendentes positas, in quibus erat scriptum nomen cuiuscumque Curiae. Saepe accidit ut plebeus, male lecta tabella, stulte celebrabat Fornacalia in curia non sua; quae festa propter hoc dicta sunt Stultorum.
-
21) Apud Macrobium (III. 9,4) scriptum reperimus: “Romani et deum in cuius tutela urbs Roma est et ipsius urbis latinum nomen ignotum esse voluerunt. Sed dei quidem nomen nonnullis antiquorum, licet inter se dissidentium libris insitum et ideo vetusta persequentibus quidquid de hoc putatur, innotuit. Alii enim Iovem crediderunt, alii Lunam; sunt qui Angeronam, quae digito ad os admoto silentium denuntiat, putent; alii autem, quorum fides mihi videtur firmior Opem Consuviam esse dixerunt”. - Graeci, ut constat, primi invenerunt numen Romae et Smyrna dicitur aedificasse anno 195 a. C. n. primum templum deae Romae, qua re Romani postero tempore magnum templum constituerunt Romae Aeternae Venerique Felici dicatum, et Senatus decreto effigies Romae cum murali corona et cornu copiae signabatur in nummis.
Critical Notes
-
1) redeunt: originally redeu nt, corrected by FLT editors.
-
2) luctantes : originally lutantes, corrected by LLT-editors.
-
3) ferebant: originally ferebanf, corrected by FLT editors.
-
4) praesagia: originally psaesagia, corrected by FLT editors (unclear manual correction in the copy preserved in the Biblioteca Romana of the Archivo Storico Capitolino).
-
5) munimina: originally munimma, manually corrected by anonymous reader to munimina in the copy preserved in the Biblioteca Romana of the Archivo Storico Capitolino.
-
6) incolumem: originally incolumen, corrected by FLT-editors.
-
7) Full stop added by FLT-editors.
-
8) Praestitit et: originally Praestit et, manually corrected by anonymous reader to Praestitit et in the copy preserved in the Biblioteca Romana of the Archivo Storico Capitolino.
-
9) Full stop added by FLT-editors.
-
10) humo: manually changed by anonymous reader to humo tunc in the copy preserved in the Biblioteca Romana of the Archivo Storico Capitolino.